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Urea
Derived from protein, urea helps deeply moisturize the skin and replenish the skin’s natural urea content. It has excellent moisture-retaining properties and also promotes the shedding of dead skin cells when used in higher concentrations.
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Betaine
Extracted from beetroot, Betaine helps maintain skin hydration balance and stimulates collagen production. It protects the skin from chemicals and environmental pollutants and helps reduce allergic reactions. Scientists have also discovered that deep-sea microorganisms use Betaine to protect their cells from osmotic shock — the stress caused by changes in solute concentration — thereby maintaining cell stability. This property helps protect the skin from environmental changes such as humidity and temperature shifts that can disrupt skin balance and cause dryness.
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Niacinamide (Vitamin B3)
This vitamin is beneficial for the skin, particularly in reducing fine lines, redness, and dark spots. It enhances hydration by stimulating the production of collagen and ceramides, helping to strengthen the skin and improve resistance to irritants. Niacinamide also helps reduce sebum production, making it suitable for acne-prone skin. It improves blood circulation, which can help reduce dark circles under the eyes — a condition often caused by poor blood flow in that area.